Training of Integrated Crop Management (ICM) of Rainfed Lowland Rice Field. ICRR: Training of Integrated Crop Management (ICM) of Rainfed Lowland Rice Field Training for Integrated Crop Management (ICM) of Rainfed Lowland rice Field was held by Indonesian Center for Rice Research (ICRR) which cooperated with Consortium for Unfavorable Rice Environments (CURE) with the theme was “The Increase of Rainfed Lowland Rice Productivity through ICM. Training which was held on 6 December 2011 was aimed to transfer technology of ICM for rainfed lowland rice field to extension workers. Participants of this training were from several regencies, such as Subang, Indramayu, Purwakarta, Bekasi, and Sumedang. Several materials of ICM technology were discussed by some speakers. Here are the materials and the speakers for each material: Material Speaker Rainfed lowland agro ekosistem Ir. Husin M. Toha, MS. Rainfed lowland  rice cultivation, SSNM, and AWD Ir. Endang Suhartatik, MS Pest and diseases control on rainfed lowland rice field Prof. Baehaki S.E. Seedling in Indonesia Dr. Udin S. Nugraha With applying ICM technology, this training was expected could answer the challenge that should be faced by Agricultural Ministry to provide national food with the rice production should achieve 70.6 million ton and rice surplus should be 10 million ton in 2015.

Workshop Preparation for Entering Second Phase of GSR (Green Super Rice) Project Indonesia (2012-2015). During December 13th 2011, it was conducted workshop of GSR for Entering Sconed Phase of Green Super Rice Project Indoensia (2012 – 2015).  It was attende by around 40 people consites of ICRR senior scientists, farmers, seed growers, and private companies. Dr. Jauhar Ali (IRRI [International Rice Research Institute] scientist, GSR Coordinator for Asia) Was also attending the workshop.  Dr. Made Jana Mejaya, Director of ICRR (Indonsian Center for Rice Research) open the workshop.  Dr. Ali Gave presentation about currents status of GSR Project in Asia and Prof Dr.Bambang Suprihatno about Rice production constrains and challenge in Indonesia and its related researches needed.  Brainstorming then lead by Dr. Buang Abdullah. Some highlights revealed from the workshop are: In the 1st phase of GSR project in Indonesia it has been done some activities, i.e.: Testing of GSR inbreds and hybrids in irrigated, saline, and rainfed Conduct yield trial of selected materials in irrigated, saline, and rainfed Demonstration plot of selected inbred lines in irrigated (Indramayu) and limited irrigation condition (Purwakarta) Testing of fertilizer response of the selected inbred lines in irrigated condition Conducting hybrid rice seed production course in ICCR, Sukamandi Development of BPH and virus resistant population Selected materials are prospective and necessary to be incorporated in the multi location trials of ICRR. PhD Scholarship for  one ICRR scientist. In the Phase 2 Indonesia has been selected as Focal Point for South East Asia.  The activity will be strengthened and focused on some high impact areas, i.e. Delivering and testing new materials with multiple abiotic and biotic stress tolerance/resistance Develop shuttle breeding system for BPH and virus resistance, drought, saline, peat soil, stem borer, and cold tolerance breeding Develop technology supporting GSR released variety (IPM, ICM, Socioeconomic study) PhD Scholarship will be given to selected elligible candidate(s) GSR materials firstly developed in IRRI and China and by support of Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation the materials intended to be tested in Asia and Africa for benefit of resources poor in the regions.  The GSR Project phase 2 will start on July 2012 and especially in Indonesia it purposes to support Indonesia increasing rice production and maintain national food security. Prepared by: Dr. Untung Susanto, GSR Faciliator Indonesia.

Workshop of Evaluation for Farmer Field School of Integrated Crop Management (FFS-ICM) 2011 and Coordination of Seed Production Unit 2012 . Indonesian Center for Rice Research (ICRR) held evaluation workshop for Farmer Field school of Integrated Crop Management (FFS-ICM) program in 2011 and coordination of Seed Production Unit 2012 on 28-29 November 2011. Workshop was conducted to evaluate extension program of FFS-ICM that had been conducted in 2011, to make further program of FFS-ICM for 2012, and to provide seed for Seed Unit Production in every Assessment Institute of Agriculture Technology (AIAT). The workshop was attended by 200 participants such as LO coordinator, manager of Seed Unit Production AIAT from all provinces in Indonesia and extension officer of FFS-ICM from ICRR. To evaluate program of FFS-ICM 2011, 8 AIAT, which were from every provinces recognized as the major rice production area such as Sumatera, Java, Sulawesi, and Kalimantan, were selected to discuss the extension program of FFS-ICM that had been conducted during 2011. Finally, we could conclude several points that could be recognized as the next program of FFS-ICM in 2012, such as: pest control through Follow up Action Model and adaptation test which had specific yielding. In this workshop, the participants not only discussed the program of FFS-ISM, but they also discussed updating main material of FFS-ICM such as “Technology Innovation of ICM on Specific Location” discussed by Dr. Sarlan Abdulrachman, “Introduction of Varieties and Rice Breeding” by Dr. Satoto, “Some Findings of Fallacy on the Implementation of FFS-ICM” by Prof. Baehaki, and “Control of Yellow Stem Borer” by Dr. Made Samudera.

Evaluation Seminar of ROPP and RODHP DIPA 2012. Evaluation Seminar of ROPP and RODHP DIPA 2012 Indonesian Center for Rice Research (ICRR) is the institution that has a strategic role as producer of rice technology. In supporting to provide rice as staple food for most of Indonesian people, some program are arranged in Strategic Plan of ICRR 2014. To improve national rice production, the skeleton of ICRR’s program should follow the program of Agricultural Ministry, IAARD, and Indonesian Center for Food Crops Research Development (ICFORD). Therefore, ICRR start to make program that will be conducted in 2012. In making program for 2012, ICRR had conducted evaluation seminar of ROPP and RODHP for two days, from 9 – 10 January 2012. This seminar was opened by the director of ICRR, Dr. Made Jana Mejaya, and it was attended by some participants who had responsibility to present the program. This seminar was attended by the representative of International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Dr. David Johnson, which presented the paper about Improving livelihood in the drought – prone lowland of Southeast Asia. The seminar which had conducted for two days was held successfully by the comittee. Each speaker disscussed their program and what they will conduct in this 2012. Evaluation seminar of ROPP/ RODHP was closed by the director of IAARD, Dr. Hasil Sembiring. In his speech, he said that all researchers should release varieties seriously to improve national production. He also suggested the laboratory of ICRR to follow ISO standardization.

Rice for Indonesian People. Introduction The global climate change that was faced in the last years made the rise of pest dynamics. One of the pests that became a problem for rice planting was brown planthoppers (BPH). BPH attacked the rice planting area in Pantura West Java and Central Java on Planting Time 2010, so it caused the financial loss for farmer. One of the cases could be seen in Sukamandi, West Java. More than 250 ha of rice planting area that was planted by rice aged 15-30 days should be eradicated and replanted. The financial losses due to this problem achieved Rp 1.5 million. The problem was encountered due to the lack of knowledge about BPH management technique which caused the BPH resurgence. Hence, in 2011, IAARD through ICRR conducted the concrete effort to control BPH attack. The direct or indirect efforts were conducted such as publication in mass media, workshop, and direct extension for farmer. Knowing Inpari 13 In order to achieve the target of national rice production which was 70.6 million ton, the right rice technological innovation was required. One of the efforts was by the achievement of rice cropping index in one year and the varieties which were resistant to major pest such as BPH. If the farmer had planted the rice for twice in a year, nowadays with using the very early maturity varieties was expected to plant the rice for third times in a year. Related to the case, technological innovations, such as new modern varieties which was very early maturity and high yielding varieties, were required to improve the rice cropping index. Knowing Inpari 13 In order to achieve the target of national rice production which was 70.6 million ton, the correct rice technological innovation was required. One of the efforts was by the achievement of rice cropping index in one year and the varieties which were resistant to major pest such as BPH. If the farmer planted the rice twice in a year, nowadays with using the very early maturity varieties was expected to plant the rice third times in a year. Related to that information, technological innovations, such as new modern varieties which was very early maturity and high yielding varieties, were required to improve the rice cropping index. The new modern varieties released by IAARD through ICRR were about 200 varieties in 2011. But, there was only two varieties which were very early maturity (90-104 DAS), such as Silungonggo and Dodokan with the potential yield was 5 t/ha. However both varieties were susceptible to brown planthopper (BPH). Related to that information, in the end of 2009, IAARD released the new modern varieties Inpari 13 which was very early maturity and had the higher potential yield (8.0 ton/ ha) or it was higher than Dodokan (5.0 ton/ ha) (Table 1). Before Inpari 13 existed, there were Inpari 1 to Inpari 12, but those Inpari were not developed as well as Inpari 13. Inpari 13 was the crossing between OM606 and IR18348-36-3-3. The variety was included to Cere. This variety was released in the middle of 2010, that was very early naturity because the plant duration of the varieties was 99-103 (DAS). Table 1. The Different Varieties which was early maturity, Inpari 12 and Inpari 13 with Dodokan Information DODOKAN INPARI 12 INPARI 13 Lines Number IR28128-45-3-3-2 OM2395 OM1490 Crossing IR36/IR10154-2-3-3-3//IR9129-209-2-2-2-1 IR63356-SEL/TN1 OM606/IR18348-36-3-3 Plant Duration 100-105 DAS 99 - 103 DAS 99 - 103 DAS Plant height ± 95 cm ± 99 cm ± 101 cm Yielding potential 5,1 t/ha 8 t/ha 8,0  t/ha Rice Texture Soft Hard Hard Amylose content 22,5 % 26,4% 22,4% Pest Resistance Susceptible to BPH Biotype 1, 2 and 3 Moderately resistant to BPH biotype 1 and 2, moderately susceptible to BPH biotype 3 Resistant to BPH biotype 1, 2 and 3 Diseases Resistance Moderately susceptible to BLB patotype III, IV, and VIII, susceptible to blast disease 033, 133, 073, and 173 Moderately susceptible to BLB patotype III, IV, VIII, resistant to blast diseases 033, moderately resistant to blast 133 dan 073 and susceptible to blast 173 Moderately susceptible to BLB III, IV, VIII, resistant to blast 033, moderately resistant to blast 133, 073, and 173. Planting Recommendation Suitable to plant as upland planting area and rice field   Suitable in ecosystem of rainfed lowland With the elevation up to 600 asl Suitable in ecosystem of rainfed lowland With the elevation up to 600 asl The morphology of the variety was erection, the plant height was 101 with the productive tiller numbers were 17 tillers. This variety was suitable to be planted on ecosystem of rainfed lowland with the elevation up to 600 asl. Table 2. The Performance of Inpari 1,3, 6, and Inpari 13 to Ciherang variety Characters INPARI 1 INPARI 3 INPARI 6 INPARI 13 CIHERANG Lines Name BP23F-PN-11 BP3448E-4-2 BP205D-KN-78-1-8 OM 1490 S3383-1D-PN-41-3-1 Average Yield (t/ha) 7.30 6.05 6.80 6.59 5.70 % from Ciherang 28 6 19 16 0 Potetial Yielding (t/ha) 10 7.52 12 8 7.31 % from Ciherang 36.80 2.87 64.16 9.44 0.00 Harvesting Time 108 110 118 99 117 Comparing with Ciherang 9 7 1 18 0 Resistances to Pest and Disease BPH biotype 11 M.S Resistant   Resistant M.S BPH biotype 21 M.S Resistant Resistant Resistant M.S BPH biotype 31 M.S Resistant Resistant Susceptible BLB III Resistant M.S Resistant M.S M.R BLB IV M.S M.S Resistant M.S M.S BLB VIII M.S M.S Resistant M.S M.S Tungro N.R N.R N.R N.R N.R Blast 033 Susceptible Resistant Moderately resistant Blast 133 Resistant M.S Susceptible Blast 073 M.S M.R Moderately resistant Blast 173 Susceptible M.R Susceptible Explanation : M.S = Moderatly Susceptible; M.R= Moderatley Resistant; N.R = Not Resistant; Green Color : better than Ciherang; Yellow color : Moderately better than Ciherang; Red Color : More worse than Ciherang. Table 2 showed the different performance of Inpari 1, 3, 6 and Inpari 13 to Ciherang variety. The potential yield of Inpari 1, 3, 6, and 13 was about 9-64% or it was higher than Ciherang. The average yield of Inpari 1, 3, 6, and 13 was about 6-28%, it was higher than Ciherang. The plant duration of Inpari 1, 3, 6, and 13 was about 18 days that was earlier maturity than Ciherang. Inpari 1 had resistance to BPH biotype 1 that was moderatly susceptible with Ciherang; while Inpari 3 and Inpari 13 was resistant to BPH 1. Inpari 1 was moderatly susceptible to BPH biotype 2, such as Ciherang, while Inpari 3, Inpari 6, and Inpari 13 were resistant to BPH biotype 2. Inpari 1 was moderately susceptible to BPH biotype 3, while Inpari 6 and 13 were resistant to BPH biotype 3, and Ciherang was susceptible to BPH biotupe 3.   The Performance of Inpari 13 in Several Districts The use of the new modern varieties which were relatively resistant to BPH was not enough to control the pest because the management and rice cultivation technique was the effective way to control the pest. Hence, workshop, field meeting, or direct extension about management technique of BPH was conducted to farmers in major rice production area (West Java, Central Java, East Java, and Banten) in 2011. West Java and Banten As the pioneer to control BPH on rice in 2010, ICRR held the harvest of Inpari 13 in the event of Open House on February 2011. The first harvest of Inpari was conducted by Agriculture Minister (Dr.Suswono). Here, Inpari 13 that was resistant to BPH started to be known by farmers from media mass. The first harvest could be held due to the initiation of synchronous cropping pattern on Open House Planting Time 2 that was conducted on 25-26 November 2010, with the theme was “Rise Back with Synchronous Cropping Pattern in Controlling Brown Planthoppers”. The synchronous cropping pattern was conducted by ICRR and representatives of three districts in Pantura (Subang, Purwakarta, and Karawang). On 11 - 12 April 2011, IAARD through ICRR held workshop of brown planthopper and Stem Borer control for West java and Banten. The workshop was held to arrange Further Plan (RTL) of brown planthopper and stem borer control for West Java and Banten. The Further Plan (RTL) could be applied as the breeding time and synchronous cropping pattern in 6 districts of West Java province (Cirebon, Indramayu, Subang, Karawang, Bekasi, and Purwakarta) and 4 districts of Banten Province (Serang, Lebak, Pandeglang, and Tangerang. Morover, the harvest of Inpari 13 was conducted by Sukabumi Vice Regent in Cibatu village, Cikembar District, Sukabumi Regency on 20 August 2011. The yield of Inpari 13 was 8.7 ton/ ha while Ciherang was 6.9 ton/ha. 2. Central Java Province Brown planthoppers attack in Central Java was controlled thoroughly. It was started from the initiation and socialization of synchronous cropping pattern to farmer that was conducted by Central Java Governor. Synchronous cropping pattern was one of the Operational Standard Procedure recommendations for controlling brown planthopper which was arranged by Prof. Baehaki. Table 3. The Planting Area of Inpari 13 in Polanhardjo District, Klaten, Cropping Season 2011 No Village Rice Planting Area (Ha) 1 Polan 72 2 Karanglo 40 3 Turus 55 4 Kauman 150 5 Glagahwangi 90 6 Kranggan 25 7 Sidowayah 70 8 Sidohardjo 38 9 Ngaran 52 10 Jimus 60 11 Nganjat 29 12 Ponggok 63 13 Wangen 35 14 Janti 25 Total 804 The program of synchronous cropping pattern of Inpari 13 was applied by Central Java Governor with the theme was “Let’s eradicate pest” in Polan Harjo Village, Polanharjo District, Klaten Regency, on 18 May 2011. The program was conducted because farmers had not harvested their rice yield for 2.5 years due to brown planthopper attack. The planting area of Inpari 13 provided by Governor was 804 ha (Table 3). Rice seed given to farmer by the Governor was 20,100 kg. The Central Java Governor, Mr. Bibit Waluyo, monitored directly the planting area of Inpari 13 in Polanhardjo District on 17 July 2011. The monitoring showed that Inpari 13 was on the good condition. Then, the harvest of Inpari 13 was conducted by Central Java Governor together with the general director of IAARD, Directorate General of Food Crop, and Klaten officers in Sido Wayah Village, Polanharjo District, Klaten Regency, Central Java Province on 11 August 2011. The harvest was the result program of Synchrous Cropping Pattern which planted Inpari 13 in 804 ha of planting area in 14 villages in Polanhardjo district, Klaten Regency on 18 May 2011.  In his speech, the Governor was grateful to Agricultural Ministry (represented by IAARD and General Directorat of Food crop) for the extension of BPH control with involving Prof. Baehaki and team (ICRR and Central Java AIAT). Governor would distribute the seed class Stock Seed of inpari 13. The yield of Inpari 13 was distributed to several districts in central Java on 7,000 Ha of rice planting area. From the harvest of Inpari 13, the yield was 6.7 – 9.3 ton/ ha or if it was produced as seed, the seed could achieve 5 ton/ ha. It meant that the total seed that was obtained from 800 ha of rice planting area was about 4,000 ton. The performance of Inpari 13 which was planted on 1 ha area showed the good performance. The grain color was yellow and the grain yield achieved 8.27 t/ha. 3. East Java Province BPH control in East Java was conducted with workshop of Brown Planthoppers Control on 20 April 2011 in Graha Bhineka Karya Lamongan Building, East Java. The opening ceremony of the workshop was opened by General Directorate of Food Crop with the welcoming ceremony was given by the Lamongan vice regent. He told that Further Plan (RTL) was initiated by IAARD through ICRR as government instruction about “Pest Control Movement”. Several points that were obtained in the workshop such as: agreement of synchronous cropping pattern that was conducted maximally. The new modern variety of Inpari 13 was harvested symbolically by Sumenep Regent (KH Busyro Karim, MSi)  in Beraji Village, Gapura District, Sumenep Regency, East Java Province on 18 July 2011. He gave the award to IAARD for the demonstration plot of Inpari, especially Inpari 13 that was conducted in Sumenep. He expected that this program could be continued in other districts in Sumenep, especially in Kangean Island. Demonstration plot with total area was 5 Ha consisted of 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, and Inpari 13 with the yields were 7.36; 7.04; 6.72; 7.04; 7.04; 6.72; and 7.84 ton/Ha for each. Inpari 13 produced 1.76 ton of the yield that was higher than Ciherang (6.08 t/ha, which was managed by non- Farmer Field School Integrated Crop Management in around area of demonstration plot). The classes of Inpari seeds were certificated in East Java. 4. Gorontalo Province The new developed variety of Inpari 13 was harvested symbolically in Pilohayanga Village, Telaga District, Gorontalo Regency, Gorontalo Province on 30 June 2011. The harvest was conducted by Gorontalo Governor (Dr. Gusnar Ismail, MM). After the harvest, governor gave a speech and reward to Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research Development (IAARD) for giving the demonstration plot of Inpari to farmer.  There was 8 hectare which was used for demonstration plot of Inpari 3, 4, 6, 10, and Inpari 13 in harvest location. The high developed varieties were planted with applying paired row Legowo planting system of 4:1 and 2:1. Inpari seed class harvested was Stock Seed (SS) and it was certificated in Gorontalo. The yield of Inpari 4, 10, and Inpari 13 were 8.6, 8.5, 8.2 ton/ Ha for each. These yields were bought by PT. SHS for seed substitution. Distribution Seeds of Inpari 13 The production of Nucleus Seed (NS), Breeder Seed (BS), and Foundation Seed (FS) with applying quality management system based on ISO 9001:2000 was conducted by ICRR. Since the seed of Inpari 13 was released in the middle of 2010, the seeds, for Breeder Seed and Foundation Seed, were distributed to several provinces in Indonesia. Table 4 will describe the distribution of Inpari 13 in 2010. Before the seeds were launched by Agriculture Minister on February 2011 in ICRR, West Java Province received the seed of Inpari 13 which was Breeder Seed as many as 126 kg from ICRR (Table 4). Table 4. Distribution of Inpari 13 seed which was Breeder Seed class in 2010 No Distribution Area The Seed of Inpari 13 (kg) 1 Banten 2 2 Yogyakarta 5 3 West Java 126 4 Central Java 17 5 East Java 20 6 South Kalimantan 1 7 East Kalimantan 5 8 West Nusa Tenggara 7 9 North Sulawesi 1 10 West Sumatera 1 11 North Sumatera 7   TOTAL 192 Until 15 August 2011, the distribution of Breeder Seed (BS) and Foundation Seed (FS) were developed in Indonesia. After the seeds were launched by Agriculture Ministry on February 2011 in ICRR,  West Java bought Breeder Seed for 356 kg (it was followed by East Java with 269 kg and Central Java with 223 kg) and Foundation Seed (FS) with 1,508 kg (it was followed by Central Java with 605 kg and East Java with 310 kg) (table 5). Table 5. Seed Distribution of Inpari 13 Class BS and FS (per 15 August 2011) No. Seed Class BS Seed Class FS (kg) Province Total (kg) Province Total (kg) 1 Bali 14 Bali 50 2 Banten 30 Banten 25 3 Yogyakarta 65 Yogyakarta 145 4 Jakarta 1 Papua Barat 35 5 Jambi 5 Jambi 25 6 West Java 356 Jawa Barat 1.058 7 Central Java 223 Central Java 605 8 East Java 269 East Java 310 9 West Kalimantan 23 West Kalimantan 50 10 South Kalimantan 20 East Kalimantan 3 11 East Kalimantan 10 Bangka Belitung 5 12 Maluku 10 Riau 15 13 Aceh 5 Lampung 10 14 West Nusa Tenggara 55 Maluku 5 15 East Nusa Tenggara 2 Aceh 10 16 Papua 43 Papua 5 17 South Sulawesi 3 Central Sulawesi 50 18 Central Sulawesi 21 North Sumatera 125 19 North Sulawesi 40     20 South Sumatera 7     21 North Sumatera 30       TOTAL 1.234 TOTAL 2.531     Table 6. Seed Distribution of Developed Varieties (Inpari, Inpara, Inpago) and the Existing Varieties Class Stock Seed (SS) to AIAT in Indonesia (per 15 August 2011) No Varieties Seed class SS (kg) Distribution  (%) No Varieties Seed Class SS (kg) Distribution (%) Total Seed (kg) 1 Inpari 1 2.086 1,96   21 Aek Sibundong 2 0,00   2 Inpari 3 4.455 4,19   22 Batang Lembang 5 0,00   3 Inpari 4 5.241 4,93   23 Batang Piaman 5 0,00   4 Inpari 5 75 0,07   24 Cibogo 465 0,44   5 Inpari 6 8.393 7,89   25 Cigeulis 25 0,02   6 Inpari 7 17.626 16,57 26 Ciherang 200 0,19 7 Inpari 8 7.968 7,49   27 Cisokan 890 0,84   8 Inpari 9 2.405 2,26   28 Conde 40 0,04   9 Inpari 10 23.089 21,71   29 Indragiri 5 0,00   10 Inpari 11 875 0,82 30 IR 66 400 0,38   11 Inpari 12 1.855 1,74   31 Kalimas 5 0,00   12 Inpari 13 21.137 19,88 32 Limboto 10 0,01   13 Inpara 1 5 0,00   33 Logawa 1.450 1,36   14 Inpara 2 435 0,41 34 Mekongga 3.280 3,08   15 Inpara 3 213 0,20   35 Sarinah 3 0,00   16 Inpara 4 10 0,01   36 Situ Bagendit 2.015 1,89   17 Inpara 5 390 0,37 37 Situ Patenggang 2 0,00   18 Inpago 4 245 0,23   38 Towuti 2 0,00   19 Inpago 5 60 0,06   39 Tukad Unda 720 0,68   20 Inpago 6 255 0,24             Total 106.342 To accelerate the availability of the new developed varieties seed for Inpari, Inpara, Inpago, the demonstration plot (3-5 for each variety) was conducted in each location of Farmer Field School- Integrated Crop Management (FFS-ICM) in each province. In the middle of 2011, ICRR distributed 106,342 kg of seeds class Stock Seed (SS), 39 varieties of Inpari, Inpara, Inpago and existing varieties to all AIAT in Indonesia.  From 39 varieties, Inpari 13 seed which class was SS was distributed as many as 19.88% (the second rank below Inpari 10), while Ciherang was only 0.19% (table 6). The Availability of Developed Varieties for Turning the Plant Nowadays, 90% of rice planting area was planted by the developed varieties. The survey that was conducted by ICRR showed that only 22 varieties planted in more than 2.000 hectare per season. Moreover, 7 varieties of those was planted in the area >50,000 hectare per season, it also had distributed in >100,000 hectare/ year. The new developed varieties, such as Ciherang, Cigeulis, Cibogo, Way Apo Buru, and Membramo were planted by farmers (table 7). Those varieties were planted to change IR64 which developed in the end of 1980. The planting of those varieties gave more yields which was 0.2-0.5 t/ha compared with IR64. Comparing all popular varieties, Ciherang more dominated than other varieties with 40% of the planting area. If the variety was planted continuously, it would give a big risk to suffer pest explosion. Hence, the dissemination of new varieties such as Inpari 1, Inpari 13, Cibogo, Cigeulis, and Mekongga should be conducted to improve the genetic diversity of varieties which were used. The improvement of varieties diversity could give more benefits such as giving more rice preference and reducing the pest and disease explosion.  Based on the demand increases of Inpari seed which was more preferred by farmers in the vulnerable pest location, Koperasi of ICRR produced the seed of Inpari 13 and other varieties class SS in for 150 hectare in 2011. It was aimed to provide the seed of Inpari 13 for the area that had not planted Inpari 13 before. Table 7. The Percentage of Rice Varieties Distribution In Indonesia Period 2004-2008 No Varieties 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 1. IR64 33.21 31.43 23.60 17.09 10.5 2. Ciherang 16.73 21.84 31.30 41.49 47.63 3. Ciliwung 6.1 7.95 3.25 3.97 4.38 4. Way Apo Buru 4.72 3.3 2.32 - - 5. IR42 2.14 2.44 1.19 - 1.35 6. Cigeulis - - - 5.06 5.17 7. Cisadane 2.75 1.61 3.75 - - 8. Memberamo 2.05 1.64 1.82 1.75 1.2 9. Cibogo 2.04 1.06 3.25 4.21 3.56 10. Cisantana - - - 2.73 - 11. Cilamaya Muncul - - - - 1.8 12. Mekongga - - - - 1.73 13. Other Varieties 30.26 28.73 29.82 23.7 22.68                 Conclusion To anticipate the effect of climate change, Agricultural Ministry through Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development (IAARD) tried to produce the new developed varieties which were better that the existing varieties with improving the characters, such as the potential yield, resistance to biotic stress (major pest and disease), and abiotic stress (drought, submergence, and salinity). It is important since the dynamic of pest and disease increased continuously, it made the pest and disease resistance should be improved.

Participation of Indonesian Center for Rice Research on World Food Day XXXI . Commemoration of Word Food Day XXXI was conducted on 20 – 23 October 2011 in Moutong Village, Tilongkabila Sub-District, Bone Bolango District, Gorontalo Province. It was officially opened by the vice president with the theme that was decided by FAO was “Maintaining Price Stability and Food Access (Food Prices, From Crisis to Stability)”. The theme was chosen based on the phenomena of the decrease of food world productivity because of global climate change. Hence, FAO appealed every country to asses and analyze the food price which increased gradually and to anticipate the food insecurity and hunger problem. In the line with the theme of World Food Day XXXI, technology exhibition of IAARD showed the innovation implementation to support the national food security such as with introducing Development Model of Region Sustainable Food House (MKRPL). The completed components of MKRPL were shown. It consisted of the house model that was surrounded by vegetable garden, food crops garden, cattle pen, and fishpond. Other technology shown on technology exhibition was relevant technology innovation that supported national food security. ICRR as the creator of rice technology innovation showed upland rice such as Inpago 4, Inpago 5, Inpago 6, Limboto, and Batutugi. For farmers, 11 lowland rice varieties was shown such as Serayu, Ciherang, Mekongga, Inpari 1, Inpari3, Inpari4, Inpari6, Inpari8, Inpari9, Inpari 10, and Inpari 13. Enthusiastic visitors to crop the rice was very high. It could be seen from the respond of visitors that wanted to know more about upland cultivation. In addition, ICRR distributed 1 ton of seed of Inpari 10 Laeya and Inpari 13 to farmers who visited the event. Not only the demonstration plot, but also the participation of ICRR could be seen by indoor exhibition which showed several varieties in inverted bottle, plant on pot, and giving publications. There were 21 ambassadors and the representatives of country, 18 Indonesian governors, Regents of Gorontalo Provinces and the participants of World Food Day attended to the event. Symbolically, the event was opened with polo palo (traditional music instrument) by Vice President, Boediono, and Agriculture Minister, Suswono. The committee provided 3000 seat and it was sat fully. Vice President, Agriculture Minister, and Gorontalo Governor visited Maize Giant Obelisk. In his speech, Vice President said “Our food situation has not been secured yet, if we could see the future. Next years, our population will grow gradually”. Based on Boediono, the government had efforts to increase the high food availability and security. It was aimed for national and world need. “Indonesian food should be secured now and next time. The risk will be very high if we satisfy with this condition because of the food, economic, and social insecurity” said Boediono. Hence, Boediono pointed out that not only making self-sufficiency of staple food such as rice, sugar, corn, fish, and meat, but also we should produce the enough surplus, so it could make bumper to guarantee the food security for us, government, business world, universities, and farmers. We should work hard, systematically, and coordinately”, said Boediono. Commemoration of Word Food Day XXXI that was conducted in Gorontalo became the important moment for us to build Indonesian agriculture continuously.  “Commemoration of Word Food Day is the important point for Gorontalo to continue the agriculture development for Indonesia”, said Governor Gusnar Ismail.

Food Diversification Has Been Socialized Actively by ICRR Through Song. The director of ICRR, Dr. Made Jana Mejaya, successfully created 10 songs. The lyrics of the songs have different meaning such as religious, work motivation, and nature. One of the songs that have been socialized by ICRR is Food Diversification (Difersifikasi Pangan). This song invites us to get involved in government program to reduce rice consumption as staple food with consuming other carbohydrate food, such as corn, cassava (sweet potatoes), etc.  The songs could be downloaded in Youtube with the keyword is Made Jana Mejaya, or you could visit our website in bbpadi.litbang.deptan.go.id. Here are the list of the songs created by Dr. Made Jana Mejaya: 1. Diversifikasi pangan This song invites us to get involved in government program to reduce rice consumption as staple food with consuming other carbohydrate food, such as corn, cassava (sweet potatoes), etc. 2. Kita Bisa This song reminds us that humans were born with mind and thoughts for make a country better. Life should be optimistic and shows our creativity to the world. 3. Indonesia Makmur This song tells to increase our productivity with hard and smart working with being honest people. 4. Dari Hati ke Hati This song has meaning that there were no lies between us. 5. Nikmat Allah This song reminds us that world was created by Allah so human is nothing. This song invites us to fear of Allah. 6. Pintaku This song describes people who pray to Allah in order Allah could give the light for working and leading. 7. Waktu This song invites us to spend the time carefully and make this time better than yesterday. 8. Jagalah Bumi The threat caused by climate change was felt by us so this song invites us to keep the earth. 9. Irama Alam This song tells that we should grateful for the blessings of God given to us. 10. Hidup Made Mejaya makes his life as a bridge to other people. He was hungry fraternity & love of peace. He expects that his life could be useful for other people. ICRR held song competition for districts of Ciasem and Cikampek. Next Year, Dr. Made Jana Mejaya will make song competition in the level of West Java Province and National.

National Seminars Rice Research 2011. National Seminars Rice Research 2011 There are still many rice researches, in the scope of Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development (IAARD) such as AIAT or other institutions, which have not been published yet. It makes Indonesian Center for Rice Research as the leading source of rice technology and science, professional, and independent held National Seminars Rice Research 2011 on 27-28 July 2011 in ICRR Sukamandi which the theme was “Rice Technological Innovation to Anticipate the Dynamical Biotic and Abiotic Stress”. Seminar was attended by 512 participants at the first day and 200 participants at the second day. The participants who attended the seminar were from various departments, such as IAARD, West Java Agricultural Department, ICRR, Universities (IPB, UNSOED, UGM), Subang Agricultural Department, Agricultural Extension Centers, and the Farmer Group of Subang.   There were 203 research papers were participated in the seminar. However, after all research papers were analyzed by the each experts, only 154 research papers were received by the committee (16 oral presentations and 138 poster presentations) and 49 research papers were rejected by the committee. The main research paper would be discussed by four local main speakers and two International main speakers. The name of the main speakers as followed: Title Speakers Capacity Building on Rice Production Prof. Dr. Ed Runge Project Director Monsanto, USA The Socialization of Interactive Voice Response (IVR) Dr. Roland Buresh (IRRI)   Good Agriculture Practice on Rice Cultivation Prof. Soemarno (IAARD) Technology Availability to Anticipate Abiotic Stress Prof. Azwar Ma’as (Gadjah Mada University) Government’s Policy to Support the Control of Pest and Rice Diseases Ir. Erma Budiyanto, MS (The Director of Food Crop Protection) Endofit Microbe on the Planting of Upland Rice Dr. Abdul Munif (IPB) The Main Speakers Dr. A. M. Fagi, Prof. Andi Hasanuddin, Prof. Irsal Las   However, plenary seminar was conducted with the main speakers of the seminar as followed: Scientific Scope Speakers Plenary Session I: Breeding Satoto ( ICRR) Susilawati  (Central Kalimantan AIAT dan IPB) Yudhistira N., MP. (ICRR) Pepi Nur S. (Banten AIAT) Plenary Session II: Cultivation Sarlan A. (ICRR) Amrizal Yusup (North Sumatera AIAT) Isdijanto Ar-Riza (ISARI) Dwi Umi Siswanti (Gajah Mada University) Plenary Session III : Pests and Diseases Baehaki (ICRR) L. A. Taulu (North Sulawesi AIAT) Swastiko Priyambodo (IPB) I Nyoman Widiarta (ICFORD) Plenary Session IV: Postharvest-Social Economy Bram Kusbiantoro (ICRR) Lira Mailena (ICATAD) Ratna Wylis A. (Lampung AIAT) Jhon David (West Kalimantan AIAT)

OPEN HOUSE REFLECTION OF ICRR IN DRY SEASON 2011. OPEN HOUSE REFLECTION OF ICRR IN DRY SEASON 2011 (Sukamandi, 25-29 July 2011)   The improvement of rice production is one of the efforts that should be conducted to equalize the consumption increase due to the population growth. In 2010, Indonesia could achieve rice self-sufficiency with the total rice production was 65.98 million ton, the population was 27 million people, and the rice consumption achieved 139 kg/ person/ year. In order to guarantee the rice availability, Indonesian Government has applied the National Rice Improvement Program since 2007. In applying the program, ICRR conducted some innovative researches to improve the productivity, production efficiency, and the varieties which were tolerant to biotic and abiotic stress.   Challenge and Opportunity The next challenge that should be faced by Indonesian is the production improvement that should be conducted in the limited natural resources. The population growth rate was 1.34%/ year with the rice consumption achieved 139 kg/ person/ year. It caused the rice demand increased consistently every year. However, the environment degradation because of chemical pollution and greenhouse emission of Industry caused the environmental pollution and global warming which could increase the biotic and abiotic stress of agriculture production system. The challenge is not only faced by Indonesia but it is occurred also in other countries which produced rice. As the result, the rice availability could not solve the challenge. It makes all parties should improve the productivity in limited natural resources and the condition of biotic and abiotic stress which threaten the further production.   Development and Performance of Rice Technology The technology development to increase the rice productivity has been conducted continuously by national and international research institutions, such as ICRR and IRRI. In technology aspect, our researchers developed successfully rice technology, such as developing varieties which could be resistant to pest and disease and had quality and functional characteristics. One of the technology aspects is hybrid rice. The hybrid rice could show potential yields which was 20%. It is higher than inbred productivity which applied the right cultivation technique. In dissemination aspect, two programs were applied to participants such as consultation of cultivation technique by phone (call center) in managing nutrient or interactive voice response (IVR) mobile phone application for rice nutrient. The program is cooperative program between ICRR and IRRI to develop Integrated Crop Management Farmer Field School in seed production. Open House conducted in Sukamandi on 25-29 July 2011 was designed to show the rice technology development which was developed by ICRR and other related research institution.   In Open house, there were some events held by ICRR such as national rice research seminar. It was followed by 712 people. It discussed 46 cultivation papers, 24 pest and disease papers, 59 breeding papers, and 38 social economy papers. In addition, rice technology exhibition was also performed in Open House. It showed the new varieties and other cultivation technique. Hopefully, the forum of open house could give the real contribution to increase rice production through dissemination policy and new technology and to give a feedback from technology user and every party who determined the policies for researchers.

Lomba Menyanyi " Diversifikasi Pangan ". Lomba Menyanyi Lagu : Diversivikasi pangan   Sosialisasi program diversifikasi pangan bisa dilakukan dalam berbagai bentuk kegiatan yang beragam, tetapi kali ini BB Padi mensosialisakan program tersebut melalui lomba menyanyi  lagu-lagu cipt. Dr. Made Jana Mejaya salah satunya adalah lagu wajib yang berjudul Diversifikasi Pangan.   Lomba dilaksanakan selama dua hari, diikuti oleh karyawan/ti dan peserta dari berbagai daerah di kecamatan 3 kecamatan, yaitu dari kec. Cikampek, Kec. Patokbeusi, dan Kec Ciasem Kab Subang. Lomba dibagi menjadi 2 kategori, yaitu kategori umum dan kategori karyawan/ti. Yang menarik dalam perlombaan ini adalah seorang anak anak yang fasih membawakan lagu diversifikasi pangan dengan lancar. Berikut pemenang lomba menyanyi BB Padi:   Untuk Kategori Umum Juara I   : Hafiz Arjuna Juara II  : Lia Juara III                : Noni   Untuk kategori Karyawan/ti: Juara I   : Suryana Juara II     : Nita Kartina Juara III                : Jumat

ICRR’s Participation on National Swamp Agriculture Week I 2011 in South Kalimantan. National Swamp Agriculture Week I was held on 12-15 July 2011 in South Kalimantan. In this event, ICRR had been participated on supporting the increase of rice productivity, especially on the swamp rice and submergence tolerant rice. ICRR sent 1 ton of Inpara Inbrida seeds which would be given to farmers in Kandangan, South Hulu Sungai. The opening ceremony of the event was conducted by Indonesia’s Minister of Agriculture, Dr. Ir. H. Suswono, MMA, in North Loktabat, Banjar Baru, South Kalimantan. After the opening ceremony, the event was continued by harvesting rice in Kandangan, South Hulu Sungai. Then, the event was continued with giving the New Developed Varieties seed of Inpara 2, Inpara 3, Inpara 4 and Inpara 5 symbolically to the farmers by Minister of Agriculture. National Swamp Agriculture Week was held for communicating and developing the science and technology of relevant swamp rice research in supporting the Ministry of Agriculture program to face climate change problem. Additionally, national workshop of agricultural land which the theme was “Acceleration of Technological Innovation for land resources and potential swamp land in supporting national self-sufficient and climate change anticipation” was conducted also in this event. The workshop was held on 13-15 July 2011. The opening ceremony of workshop was conducted with signing MoU in order to support food self-sufficient continuously.

Inpara 6 Asal persilangan : IR64/IRBB21/IR51672   Kelompok : Nomor Seleksi : B10528F-KN-35-2-2 Golongan : Cere Indica Umur tanaman : 117 hari Bentuk tanaman : Tegak Tinggi tanaman : 99 cm Anakan produktif : 13 anakan Warna kaki : Tidak Berwarna Warna batang : Hijau Warna telinga daun : Tidak berwarna Warna lidah daun : Tidak Berwarna Warna daun : Hijau Permukaan daun : Kasar Posisi daun : Tegak Daun bendera : Tegak Bentuk gabah : Sedang Warna gabah : Kuning bersih Kerontokan : Sedang Kerebahan : Tahan Tekstur nasi : Sedang Kadar amilosa : 24 % Bobot 1000 butir : 26 gram Rata-rata produksi : 4,68 t/ha Potensi hasil : 5.98 t/ha Ketahanan terhadap Hama : Ketahanan terhadap penyakit : Tahan blas, agak tahan terhadap HDB strain IV Anjuran : Baik ditanam dilahan rawa pasang surut sulfat masam potensial dan rawa lebak Pemulia : Aris Hairmansis,Bambang Kustianto,Supartopo dan Suwarno Peneliti : Bambang Suprihatno, Sudarmaji, Santoso,Erwina Lubis, Yullianida dan Rini Hermanasari Teknisi : Sudarna, Basarudin N.,M.Syarif,Maulana,Oma,Pantja H.Siwi, dan Erna Herlina Di lepas tahun : 2009

Inpari 13 Cross Combination : ...... Cross Combination : OM606/IR18348-36-3-3 Type : Hybridization number : OM1490 Group : Cere Indica Maturity : 103 days Stature : Upright Plant height : 101 cm Productive tiller : 17 panicles Basal leaf sheat colour : Green Leaf sheat colour : Green Auricle colour : White Ligule colour : Green Leaf color : Green Pubescence : Rough Leaf position : Upright Flag leaf : Slightly drooping Grain shape : Slender Grain colour : Bright yellow Shattering : not easy threshed Lodging : Texture : Soft Amylose Content : 22,40% 1000 grains weight : 25,2 g Average Production : 6,59 t/ha Yield potential : 8,0 t/ha Pest Resistance : Resistance to brown planthopper biotipe 1, 2, and 3 Disease Resistance : Moderately susceptible to bacterial leaf blight strain III, IV and VIII, resistance to blast disease race 033 and moderately resistance to race 133, 073 and 173 Recommendation : Suitable to plant in rainfed lowland agroecosystem up to 600m above the sea level Breeders : Nafisah, Cucu Gunarsih, Bambang Suprihatno, Aan A.Daradjat. Trias Sitaresmi, M.Yamin Samaullah Reseachers : Baehaki SE, Triny SK, Suprihanto, Prihadi Wibowo, Anggiani Nasution, Rina Dirgahayu, AA Kamandalu, Akmal, Ali Imran, Zairin Technicians : Thoyib S.Maaruf,Maman Suherman,Uan DS,Karmita, Meru. Suwarsa, Dede Munawar Released year : 2009  

Inpari 12 Cross Combination : ...... Cross Combination : IR63356-SEL/TN1 Type : Hybridization number : OM2395 Group : Cere Indica Maturity : 103 days Stature : Upright Plant height : 99 cm Productive tiller : 18 panicles Basal leaf sheat colour : Green Leaf sheat colour : Green Auricle colour : White Ligule colour : Green Leaf color : Green Pubescence : Rought Leaf position : Upright Flag leaf : Upright Grain shape : Slender Grain colour : Bright yellow Shattering : Not easy to threshed Lodging : Texture : Hard and firm Amylose Content : 26,4% 1000 grains weight : 25,1 g Average Production : 6,21 t/ha Yield potential : 8,0 t/ha Pest Resistance : Moderately resistance to brown planthopper biotipe 1 and 2 and moderately susceptible to biotipe 3, Disease Resistance : Moderately susceptible to bacterial leaf blight strain III, IV and VIII, resistance to blast disease race 033, moderately resistance to race 133 and 073, and susceptible to race 173. Recommendation : Suitable to plant in rainfed lowlands agroecosytem up to 600m above the sea level. Breeders : Bambang Suprihatno, Aan A. Daradjat, Nafisah Reseachers : Baehaki SE, Triny SK, Suprihanto, Prihadi Wibowo, Anggiani Nasution, Rina Dirgahayu, AA Kamandalu, Akmal, Ali Imran, Zairin Technicians : Thoyib S. Maaruf, Maman Suherman, Uan DS, Karmita, Meru, Suwarsa, Dede Munawar Released year : 2009  

Lampu Perangkap ( Light Trap ): Monitoring Sekaligus Sebagai Pengendali Serangga Lampu Perangkap ( Light Trap ): Monitoring Sekaligus Sebagai Pengendali Serangga   Lampu perangkap merupakan suatu unit alat untuk menangkap atau menarik serangga. Berfungsi untuk mengetahui keberadaan atau jumlah populasi serangga di lahan pertanian. Serangga yang tertangkap adalah serangga-serangga yang tertarik cahaya pada waktu malam hari. Beberapa jenis Perangkap untuk serangga adalah lampu perangkap ( light trap ), yellowpan trap, airnet trap, dan pitfall. Pemilihan jenis perangkap yang akan digunakan tergantung dari kondisi dan tujuan yang ingin diketahui. Light trap rancangan Baehaki (2010) seperti pada gambar 1.  Kompenen - komponen utama yaitu lampu, corong dan kantong plastik serta rangka beratap.  Lampu (minimal 100watt) berfungsi untuk menarik serangga-serangga pada waktu malam hari, corong merupakan tempat masuknya serangga, kantong plastik berfungsi untuk  menampung serangga-serangga yang tertangkap/terperangkap, sedangkan rangka beratap fungsinya untuk melindungi lampu dan hasil tangkapan terutama  dari hujan. Lampu perangkap diletakkan di dalam lahan sawah (lahan pertanian) di pinggir pematang. Letak bisa disesuaikan dengan kondisi tempat, karena alat ini menggunakan lampu sehingga memerlukan sumber aliran listrik.  Satu unit lampu perangkap sebagai monitoring dapat digunakan untuk luasan 300-500 ha, sedangkan untuk pengendalian seluas 50 ha. Lampu dinyalakan setiap hari mulai dari jam 6 sore sampai jam 6 pagi, hasil tangkapan diambil setiap pagi kemudian diamati jenis dan jumlah serangga yang tertangkap. Lampu perangkap ini berfungsi untuk monitoring sekaligus juga pengendalian. Sebagai deteksi dini wereng coklat imigran dan Ngengat penggerek batang padi sehingga dapat mengetahui datangnya hama imigran dan puncak tangkapan populasi suatu hama. Rekomendasi waktu semai atau tanam adalah 15 hari setelah puncak hasil tangkapan. Untuk pengendalian penggerek batang padi, 4 hari setelah adanya penerbangan (hasil tangkapan) dilakukan penyemprotan insektisida. Pada saat kondisi lahan sedang bera atau pengolahan tanah, lampu perangkap digunakan terus untuk memantau perkembangan populasi serangga hama terutama wereng coklat dan penggerek batang. Serangga-serangga yang dapat tertangkap antara lain wereng coklat (dewasa makroptera), Ngengat penggerek batang padi, orong-orong (anjing tanah), kepinding tanah (Scotinophara coarctata ), Coccinella Sp, Paederus Sp, Ophionea Sp dll. Pada saat populasi tinggi, lampu perangkap di BB Padi Sukamandi dapat menangkap wereng coklat 376 ribu ekor /malam/unit, Ngengat penggerek batang padi kuning 12 ribu ekor/malam/unit dan kepinding tanah 146 ribu ekor/malam/unit. Serangga-serangga hama yang terperangkap setelah diamati kemudian dimusnahkan sedangkan serangga-serangga musuh alami seperti kumbang Coccinella, Paederus Sp, Ophionea SP dll dapat dilepaskan kembali ke lahan. (Eko, BB Padi).   Bagi yang membutuhkan lampu perangkap tersebut, dapat segera menghubungi BB Padi. Gambar 1. Light Trap Rancangan Baehaki (2010)  

BROWN PLANTHOPPERS StatusBrown Planthopper (Nilapavarta lugens Stal.) is a pest which is suffered by most of Indonesian Rice. It attacked 52,000 ha of rice planting areas in 1961-1970. In wet season 1968-1969, the brown planthoppers attacked 2,000 ha of rice planting areas in Central Java (Brebes, Tegal, Klaten) and 50,000 ha of rice planting areas in West Java (Subang and Indramayu). However, 2,500,00 ha of areas was attacked by brown planthoppers in 1971-1980. The significant attack of brown planthoppers could decrease substantially rice production and caused the financial loss for farmers. The reports of several provinces in 2004 and 2005 reported that brown planthoppers attacked several superior rice varieties. In planting time 2005, 46,000 ha of areas in East Java, Central Java, and West Java were attacked by brown planthoppers. Biotechnology of Brown planthoppers Brown planthoppers multiply sexually, while the pre-spawning time for brakiptera (winged dwarf) is 3-4 days and 3-8 days for makroptera (long winged). The eggs are usually laid on the base of the midrib leaf issue, but if the eggs population is high, the eggs will be laid at the end of the leaf midrib and leaf bone. Additionally, the eggs will be grouped then one group consists of 3-21 eggs. One female brown planthoppers could lay 100-500 eggs. In Sukamandi, the eggs have hatched after 9 days, while the hatching time in subtropics area needed more time. The time which is needed to suffer five instars for the nymphs and to complete the nymph period was 12.82 days. Nymph could develop into two adult brown planthoppers. The first form is makroptera (long winged). It is the kind of brown planthoppers which have a normal front and rear wing. The second form is brakiptera (winged dwarf). It is the adult brown planthopper which have abnormal front and rear wing, especially the rear wing which is very rudimentary. Alelokemic crop factor is a factor that is directly influent the shape of the wings. The tissues of green plant contain the high chemicals mimic juvenile hormones, but the chemicals mimic juvenile hormones on aging the rice plant will be reduced. Therefore, the makroperta often appear on the oldest plant where the brown planthoppers grow. Based on the food availability on the field, the change of wing shapes is important. The Brown Planthoppers Control The brown planthoppers control has been conducted since 1970 with using several methods. The efforts which are conducted to control the brown planthoppers included the use of resistant variety, the change of planting method, and the use of pesticide. Moreover, Presidential Instruction No. 3, 1986 will more clarify about Integrated Pest Management (IPM) of brown planthoppers such as planting pattern, resistant varieties, sanitation, and eradication, and the pesticide use. Basically, the brown planthopper control is conducted by three basic components such as a) the biological and ecological knowledge of insecticide, b) the determining economic control, and c) measurement or assessment methods of pest attack. The Resistant Varieties Steps The first control of brown planthoppers should use the varieties which are resistant to biotype of brown planthoppers which often attack the areas. The resistant varieties have the biggest role because in reducing brown planthoppers population. IR74 (Bph3) and IR64 (Bph1+) could more reduce gradually the brown planthoppers for 94.9 and 77.4% than Cisadane which could not reduce the brown planthoppers biotype 3 population, while Cisanggarung only reduce for 20.3% of br. Pest Control Technology using economic threshold based on its natural enemy Brown planthopper used the control based on natural enemy which could be used in all areas which was suffered by pests. The steps that should be conducted included: The brown planthoppers observation is conducted once in a week or lately once for two weeks. Observe 20 diagonal tillers on 5 ha areas with using the varieties which has similar age. Then two samples are taken from each 20 tillers. Count the total numbers of planthopper (Brown planthopper + white back planthopper) and natural enemies (spider Ophione nigrofasciata, Paederus fuscifes, Coccinella, and Cyrtorhinus lividipennis). Use Baehaki’s formula which is described below. Ai: Planthopper population (Brown planthoppers + white back planthopper) found on 20 tillers on the first week Bi:  Spider population as predator + Ophionea nigrfasciata + Paederus fuscifes Coccinella found on 20 tillers on the first week Ci: Cyrtorhinus lividipennis population found on 20 tillers Di: Corrected brown planthopper per tiller Insecticide Application If and only of the value Di > 5 of the corrected brown planthoppers/ tiller found on rice aged <40 DAT or the value Di >20 of the corrected brown planthoppers/ tiller found on rice aged<40 DAT should be applied by recommended insecticides. If and only if the value Di < 5 of the corrected brown planthoppers/ tiller found on rice aged <40 DAT or the value Di >20 of the corrected brown planthoppers/ tiller found on rice aged<40 DAT should not be applied by insecticides but it should be observed continuously 

TIKUS SAWAH (Rattus Argentiventer Rob & Kloss) Status Merupakan hama prapanen utama penyebab kerusakan terbesar tanaman padi, terutama pada agroekosistem dataran rendah dengan pola tanam intensif. Tikus sawah merusak tanaman padi pada semua stadia pertumbuhan dari semai hingga panen (periode prapanen), bahkan di gudang penyimpanan (periode pascapanen).     Kerusakan parah terjadi apabila tikus menyerang padi pada stadium generatif, karena tanaman sudah tidak mampu membentuk anakan baru. Ciri khas serangan tikus sawah adalah kerusakan tanaman dimulai dari tengah petak, kemudian meluas ke arah pinggir, sehingga pada keadaan serangan berat hanya menyisakan 1-2 baris padi di pinggir petakan. Biologi dan Ekologi Tikus sawah digolongkan dalam kelas vertebrata (bertulang belakang), ordo rodentia (hewan pengerat), famili muridae, dan genus Rattus. Tubuh bagian dorsal/ punggung berwarna coklat kekuningan dengan bercak-bercak hitam di rambut-rambutnya, sehingga secara keseluruhan tampak berwarna abu-abu. Bagian ventral/perut berwarna putih keperakan atau putih keabu-abuan. Permukaan atas kaki seperti warna badan, sedangkan permukaan bawah dan ekornya berwarna coklat tua. Tikus betina memiliki 12 puting susu (6 pasang), dengan susunan 1 pasang pada pektoral, 2 pasang pada postaxial, 1 pasang pada abdomen, dan 2 pasang pada inguinal. Pada tikus muda/predewasa terdapat rumbai rambut berwarna jingga di bagian depan telinga. Ekor tikus sawah biasanya lebih pendek daripada panjang kepala-badan dan moncongnya berbentuk tumpul. Panca indera tikus sawah berkembang baik dan sangat menunjang setiap aktivitas kehidupannya. Sebagai hewan nokturnal, mata tikus telah berkembang dan menyesuaikan untuk melihat dalam intensitas cahaya rendah. Indera penciuman berkembang baik. Dengan indera tersebut, tikus mendeteksi wilayah pergerakan tikus lain, jejak anggota kelompoknya, dan betina estrus. Indera pendengaran tikus sawah berkembang sempurna. Indera pengecap berkembang baik sehingga mampu mendeteksi rasa pahit, racun, dan enak/tidaknya suatu pakan. Indera peraba juga berkembang baik, kumis dan rambut-rambut panjang pada sisi tubuhnya digunakan sebagai sensor sentuhan terhadap benda-benda yang dilalui. Dengan indera yang berkembang dan terlatih tersebut, tikus sawah memiliki kemampuan fisik yang prima seperti berlari, menggali, memanjat, meloncat, melompat, mengerat, berenang, dan menyelam. Tikus sawah juga berperilaku cerdik dan memiliki kemampuan belajar/mengingat (meskipun terbatas). Tikus sawah mempunyai kemampuan reproduksi yang tinggi. Periode perkembang-biakan hanya terjadi pada saat tanaman padi periode generatif. Dalam satu musim tanam padi, tikus sawah mampu beranak hingga 3 kali dengan rata-rata 10 ekor anak per kelahiran. Tikus betina relatif cepat matang seksual (±1 bulan) dan lebih cepat daripada jantannya (±2-3 bulan). Cepat/lambatnya kematangan seksual tersebut tergantung dari ketersediaan pakan di lapangan. Masa kebuntingan tikus betina sekitar 21 hari dan mampu kawin kembali 24-48 jam setelah melahirkan (post partum oestrus). Terdapatnya padi yang belum dipanen (selisih hingga 2 minggu atau lebih) dan keberadaan ratun (Jawa : singgang) terbukti memperpanjang periode reproduksi tikus sawah. Dalam kondisi tersebut,anak tikus dari kelahiran pertama sudah mampu bereproduksi sehingga seekor tikus betina dapat menghasilkan total sebanyak 80 ekor tikus baru dalam satu musim tanam padi. Dengan kemampuan reproduksi tersebut, tikus sawah berpotensi meningkatkan populasinya dengan cepat jika daya dukung lingkungan memadai. Tikus sawah bersarang pada lubang di tanah yang digalinya (terutama untuk reproduksi dan membesarkan anaknya) dan di semak-semak (refuge area/habitat pelarian). Sebagai hewan omnivora (pemakan segala), tikus mengkonsumsi apa saja yang dapat dimakan oleh manusia. Apabila makanan berlimpah, tikus sawah cenderung memilih pakan yang paling disukainya yaitu padi. Tikus menyerang padi pada malam hari. Pada siang harinya, tikus bersembunyi di dalam lubang pada tanggul-tanggul irigasi, jalan sawah, pematang, dan daerah perkampungan dekat sawah. Pada saat lahan bera, tikus sawah menginfestasi pemukiman penduduk dan gudang-gudang penyimpanan padi dan akan kembali lagi ke sawah setelah pertanaman padi menjelang generatif. Kehadiran tikus pada daerah persawahan dapat dideteksi dengan memantau keberadaan jejak kaki (foot print), jalur jalan (run way), kotoran/feses, lubang aktif, dan gejala serangan. Pengendalian Pengendalian tikus dilakukan dengan pendekatan PHTT (Pengendalian Hama Tikus Terpadu) yaitu pendekatan pengendalian yang didasarkan pada pemahaman biologi dan ekologi tikus, dilakukan secara dini, intensif dan terus menerus dengan memanfaatkan semua teknologi pengendalian yang sesuai dan tepat waktu. Pelaksanaan pengendalian dilakukan oleh petani secara bersama-sama dan terkoordinasi dengan cakupan wilayah sasaran pengendalian  dalam skala luas. Kegiatan pengendalian tikus ditekankan pada awal musim tanam untuk menekan populasi awal tikus sejak awal pertanaman sebelum tikus memasuki masa reproduksi. Kegiatan tersebut meliputi kegiatan gropyok masal, sanitasi habitat, pemasangan TBS dan LTBS. Gropyok dan sanitasi dilakukan pada habitat-habitat tikus seperti sepanjang tanggul irigasi, pematang besar, tanggul jalan, dan batas sawah dengan perkampungan. Pemasangan bubu perangkap pada pesemaian dan pembuatan TBS (Trap Barrier System / Sistem Bubu Perangkap) dilakukan pada daerah endemik tikus untuk menekan populasi tikus pada awal musim tanam. Kegiatan pengendalian yang sesuai dengan stadia pertumbuhan padi antara lain sbb. : TBS merupakan petak tanaman padi dengan ukuran minimal (20 x 20)m yang ditanam 3 minggu lebih awal dari tanaman di sekitarnya, dipagar dengan plastik setinggi 60 cm yang ditegakkan dengan ajir bambu pada setiap jarak 1 m, bubu perangkap dipasang pada setiap sisi dalam pagar plastik dengan lubang menghadap keluar dan jalan masuk tikus. Petak TBS dikelilingi parit dengan lebar 50 cm yang selalu terisi air untuk mencegah tikus menggali atau melubangi pagar plastik. Prinsip kerja TBS adalah menarik tikus dari lingkungan sawah di sekitarnya (hingga radius 200 m) karena tikus tertarik padi yang ditanam lebih awal dan bunting lebih dahulu, sehingga dapat mengurangi populasi tikus sepanjang pertanaman. LTBS merupakan bentangan pagar plastik sepanjang minimal 100 m, dilengkapi bubu perangkap pada kedua sisinya secara berselang-seling sehingga mampu menangkap tikus dari dua arah (habitat dan sawah). Pemasangan LTBS dilakukan di dekat habitat tikus seperti tepi kampung, sepanjang tanggul irigasi, dan tanggul jalan/pematang besar. LTBS juga efektif menangkap tikus migran, yaitu dengan memasang LTBS pada jalur migrasi yang dilalui tikus sehingga tikus dapat diarahkan masuk bubu perangkap. Fumigasi paling efektif dilakukan pada saat tanaman padi stadia generatif. Pada periode tersebut, sebagian besar tikus sawah sedang berada dalam lubang untuk reproduksi. Metode tersebut terbukti efektif membunuh tikus beserta anak-anaknya di dalam lubangnya. Rodentisida hanya digunakan apabila populasi tikus sangat tinggi, dan hanya akan efektif digunkan pada periode bera dan stadium padi awal vegetatif.